Publicomos

Réf.

43541

Type

technical report

Titre

Metropolitan Jewish cemeteries of the 19th and 20th centuries in Central and Eastern Europe: a comparative study

Langues

English

Auteurs

Klein, Rudolf

Éditeurs

Sturm, Gesine / Ziesemer, John / Inglis, Cody

Auteurs institutionnels

ICOMOS Germany / Landesdenkmalamt Berlin

Lieu de publication

Petersberg (Hesse)

Pays de publication

Germany

Maison d'édition

Michael Imhof Verlag

Date

2018

Pages

451

Collection

Hefte des Deutschen Nationalkomitees ICOMOS = ICOMOS Journals of the German National Committee = ICOMOS Cahiers du comité national allemand

N° dans la collection

ISBN

978-3-7319-0752-7

Mots-clés

cemeteries / urban areas / stylistic analysis / funerary architecture / memorials / graves / inscriptions / trees / destruction of cultural heritage / case studies / comparative analysis / Jewish cultures / architectural styles / transmission

Pays mentionnés

Austria / Bosnia and Herzegovina / Bulgaria / Croatia / Czechia / Germany / Hungary / Lithuania / Poland / Romania / Russian Federation / Serbia / Slovakia

Monuments et sites

Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery, Belgrade, Serbia / Sephardi Jewish Cemetery, Belgrade, Serbia / Weißensee Jewish Cemetery, Berlin Germany / Orthodox Jewish Cemetery in Žižková Street, Bratislava, Slovakia / Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery (Philanthropy Cemetery), Bucharest, Romania / Sephardi Jewish Cemetery, Bucharest, Romania / Salgótarjáni Street Jewish Cemetery, Budapest, Hungary / Kozma Street Jewish Cemetery, Budapest, Hungary / New Jewish Cemetery in Miodowa Street, Cracow, Poland / New Jewish Cemetery in Zmienna/Bracka Street, Łódź, Poland / New Jewish Cemetery in Žižkov, Prague, Czech Republic / Jewish Cemetery (Preobrazhenskoye), Saint Petersburg, Russia / Sephardic Jewish Cemetery (Old Jewish cemetery), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina / Jewish section of the Central Cemetery, Sofia, Bulgaria / Old Jewish Cemetery at the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna, Austria / New Jewish Cemetery at the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna, Austria / Užupis Jewish Cemetery, Vilnius, Lithuania / Jewish Cemetery in Okopowa Street, Warsaw, Poland / Old Jewish Cemetery in Ślężna Street, Wrocław, Poland / Jewish secti_on of the Mirogoj Central Cemetery, Zagreb, Croatia

N° Patrimoine mondial

29 / 30 / 400 / 540 / 541 / 616

Résumé en anglais

The book is made up of two parts. The general part comprises a short general history of Jewish cemeteries and a brief history of metropolitan Jewish cemeteries in Europe, followed by a chapter on gentile influence and the impact of Jewish religious reform on metropolitan Jewish cemeteries. After these general topics the following chapters deal with questions of topography, layout and urban context, extensions and layout changes, orientation of gravestones, and segregation inside the cemetery — according to gender, religiosity, and social status. The next series of chapters deals with urban and architectural aspects, such as the morphology of cemeteries — paths, edges, nodes, districts and landmarks, changes of ground level, grouping of tombs, gates, fences, and edifices (entrance buildings, ceremonial halls and tahara houses, common facilities). Further chapters focus on smaller elements, such as pergolas, balusters, stairs, and, collective monuments and memorials (1848 revolutions, World War One and Two, Shoa, 20th-century pogroms and accidents), Genizot, buried Torah Scrolls, benches, wells, storages among gravestones, gravel holders, row indicators, and temporary markers. The largest chapter of the theoretical part is devoted to tomb typologies — a survey of already existing typologies and the one used in this book —, followed by stylistic analyses. The next block of chapters deals with aspects of funerary culture touching Jewish studies, such as symbols displayed on gravestones, their combinations and meanings, inscriptions — language (Hebrew, Yiddish, local vernacular and their combinations), ways of writing names (Jewish name, civil name, combinations, lineage description — father's or mother's name and social position), eulogies, and visual references to social achievement. Finally, descriptions of vegetation, damages and destruction of graves and other elements of the cemetery, as well as questions of maintenance, complete the theoretical part.
The second, survey part of the book presents twenty metropolitan Jewish cemeteries in Europe in alphabetic order. The principles of selection of cemeteries for the second part of this anthology are: 1. artistic value in terms of art history, architecture, urban planning, and landscaping; 2. historically most important (both from the viewpoints of Jewish and general history); 3. gap-filling function, i.e. examples explaining the evolution of Jewish funerary culture in certain regions and in general; 4. examples that in some aspects shed light on a specific phenomenon, important for the entirety of Jewish cemeteries. Items under 3 and 4 were chosen freely in order to illustrate the problem discussed there; these examples do not intend to be proportionately representative of all cases in Europe.